Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. The pathology develops in case of violation of production or action in insulin tissues - the pancreas islet hormone, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in blood (hyperglycemia) and urine (glycosuria).
A long violation of glucose disposal leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the islet device usually proceeds with different in terms of severity by disorders of other organs and systems. The disarmaments of small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characteristic.
Normally, diabetes mellitus has pronounced a lot of deviations from metabolism and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease at the early and pre -clinical stage when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires an intentional study in depth. Identification of the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention prevention.
If you need to go through a comprehensive endoocnopathy exam or are looking for where to heal diabetes mellitus for professional doctors only. Patient services are experienced in endocrinologists and laboratory with modern diagnostic equipment for high precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by several objective complaints and characteristics detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite diverse. Separate signs or group of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:
- Specific metabolic disorders - body weight change, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- Non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue in smaller loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
- Dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Often recurrent boil, slow healing of wounds;
- Painful dry mouth, a feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- bad conditions of the tooth, inadequate to aging;
- Neuritis with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- Change in sexual and reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of large babies;
- defeat of the organs of the vision;
- Cardiovascular system complaints.
Often, symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient and he does not consider consulting a doctor. Sometimes any manifestations of the disease are absent and hyperglycemia is found only with a planned exam.
The most characteristic of the pathology of the islet apparatus is the complaints of the metabolic:
- Polyuria (fast urination). With hypoinsulinism, urine isolation often occurs in large quantities. Your daily volumes exceed 3 liters. The urination of the day prevails, without pain.
- Polydipsia (headquarters). The increase in headquarters is due to dehydration. The amount of drunk fluid exceeds 3 liters. Often patients prefer drinks sweetened to satisfy their thirst.
- Weight change. A decrease in body weight is due to loss of fluid, protein, fat, carbohydrates. Overweight can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyfage (increase in appetite). The preference is given to sweet carbohydrate sweet foods. In the early stage of the disease, hunger manifests itself more often in the form of painful crises.
If pathological signs are found at the hospital for diabetics or a diagnostic center for intentional examination.
Factors that affect the development of diabetes mellitus
In diabetes development mechanisms, two points are distinguished, based on which the disease is divided into types:
- Low production of insulin of pancreatic intra -sidora cells.
- Violation of the ability of the hormone of acting in the body, the immunity of insulin cells.
In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the Langergannes islands (intra -regional pancreatic cells). This is due to autoimmune processes in the body - antibodies for insulin, secretory cellular structures and enzymes are produced.
Instigating factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- viral infections;
- Violation of nutrition during pregnancy, during food;
- unfavorable environmental situation;
- Stress action.
Type 1 diabetes is most often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when intra -regional cell death reaches more than 80%. The disease continues at a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors to the action of insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such violations is associated with the initial insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or acquired changes, as a result of which the receptors' signal transmission to the cell's internal structures is violated.
Provoking the development of type 2 disease can:
- Inadequate food diet, eating too much;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- hypertension;
- alcohol abuse;
- Age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Non -controlled medications.
Diagnostic diagnostic methods
According to statistics, about 2, 5% of the population worldwide suffer from diabetes. The number of people with a latent course or predisposed to the disease is much more. Over time, identified hyperglycemia allows to avoid serious complications.
The main method of diagnosis of disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of impaired metabolism is an increase in blood sugar in an empty stomach of over 6, 1 mmol/l and 2 hours after meals - more than 11, 1 mmol/l. With dubious results, a glucosotolerant test is used.
People under 45 are recommended to examine blood sugar level at least every 3 years. Annually, a screening exam is required for people at risk:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- Hereditary predisposition;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients in the risk group and with an identified disease need a more complete study by laboratory and instrumental methods. Equipment in centers or clinics in the treatment of diabetes fulfill world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer various diabetes treatment programs designed to identify metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. They include:
- Biochemical blood examination (all necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- urine analysis;
- inspection of an ophthalmologist;
- Duplex scan of the main arteries of the head;
- Endocrinologist consultation.
Of particular importance is the study of the level of blood glycated hemoglobin for long-term glucose control (the last 2-3 months) and quality of therapy quality. The test is included in the specialized care standard and should be performed to all patients with diabetes every 3 months.
The methodology to determine this indicator requires high quality equipment and data interpretation. At the Diabetes Treatment Center, modern laboratory equipment allows to monitor the results with high precision without the need for re -analysis. Patient services are experienced specialists, a broad profile of diagnostic abilities, the latest research and treatment technologies.
Diabetes Treatment Methods
There are no effective ways to cure completely. Most of the time, treatment of diabetes is reduced to obtaining stable blood glucose indicators, the prevention of late complications and the normalization of the lipid blood spectrum and the level of blood pressure.
All patients need to adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates to balance the protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The caloric content of foods must correspond to physical activity. In light cases, it is possible to obtain compensation for the pathology using a diet.
All patients are trained in self -control. The level of capillary blood sugar is determined by the patient himself using portable glycometers. Long -term monitoring of the indicators and the effectiveness of therapy is controlled by an endocrinologist.
Drug treatment includes taking oral sugar fat agents and insulin therapy. Indications for insulin replacement therapy:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- inefficiency of other types of treatment;
- Signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
- Ketoacidosis;
- Intolerance to oral agents for sugar agents;
- Remote pancreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Blood glucose in an empty stomach that 5, 0-6, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose after 2 hours after 8 to 10 mmol/L fell.
- Blood glucose before going to bed - less than 7, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4, 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides without 1, 7-1, 8 mmol/l.
- Blood pressure - less than 130/80 mm hg. pillar.
An important condition for proper disease control is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to undergo a diabetes exam or treatment in a hospital, choose carefully clinicals that offer professional and quality services.